![]() This may be defined as centrifugal forces and one of the main reasons why poorer neighborhoods tend to be located on the eastern side, at least in industrial cities. Some activities are repelling each-other such as high quality residential and heavy industrial areas. This can be defined as centripetal forces between activities. Service activities such as banks, insurance companies, stores and institutions are strongly interacting with each other. ![]() Similar activities group together since proximity implies improved interactions through economies of agglomeration. For instance, the retailing sector demands maximum accessibility, which is often different from centrality offered in the CBD. Some activities require specialized facilities such as port and rail terminals. These nodes become specialized and differentiated in the growth process and are not located in relation to any distance attribute, but are bound by a number of factors: Differential accessibility. It was brought forward that many towns and nearly all large cities do not grow around one CBD, but are formed by the progressive integration of a number of separate nuclei in the urban spatial structure. Prior to mass diffusion of the automobile (1930s), most of these settlements were located next to rail stations.įollowing Hoyt's development of a sectorial city, Harris and Ullman (1945) introduced a more effective generalization of urban land uses. Zone VI: Mainly high class and expensive housing in a rural, suburbanized, setting. Zone V: Represents higher quality housing linked with longer commuting costs. This zone has the advantage of being located near the major zones of employment (I and II) and thus represents a low cost location for the working class. Zone IV: Residential zone dominated by the working class and those who were able to move away from the previous zone (often second generation immigrants). It contains the poorest segment of the urban population, notably first generation immigrants living, in the lowest housing conditions. Zone III: This zone is gradually been reconverted to other uses by expanding manufacturing / industrial activities. Further, most transport terminals, namely port sites and railyards, are located adjacent to the central area. Zone II: Immediately adjacent to the CBD a zone where many industrial activities locate to take advantage of nearby labor and markets. According to this monocentric model (see above figure), a large city is divided in six concentric zones: Zone I: Central Business District (called the "loop" in Chicago) where most of the tertiary employment is located and where the urban transport infrastructure is converging, making this zone the most accessible. Thus, accessing better housing is done at the expense of longer commuting times (and costs). ![]() The further from the CBD, the better the quality of housing, but the longer the commuting time. ![]() The model assumes a relationship between the socio-economic status (mainly income) of households and the distance from the Central Business District (CBD). This representation was built from Burgess' observations of a number of American cities, notably Chicago, for which he provided empirical evidence. In 1925, Burgess presented a descriptive urban land use model, which divided cities in a set of concentric circles expanding from the downtown to the suburbs. ![]()
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